ITU
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International Telecommunication Union
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) adalah Badan dalam PBB yang bertugas mengembangkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Minat ITU di bidang ini difokuskan pada tiga sektor: komunikasi radion, standardisasi, dan pembangunan.
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ITU-T
ITU's standards-making efforts are its best-known — and oldest — activity. Working at the coalface of the world's fastest changing industry, today's Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) continues to evolve, adopting streamlined working methods and more flexible, collaborative approaches designed to meet the needs of increasingly complex markets.
Specialists drawn from industry, the public sector and R&D entities worldwide meet regularly to thrash out the intricate technical specifications that ensure that each piece of communications systems can interoperate seamlessly with the myriad elements that make up today's complex ICT networks and services.
The result of a cooperative effort that sees leading industry players put their competitive rivalries aside in favour of building global consensus on new technologies, ITU-T standards (known as Recommendations) are the bedrock underpinning the modern information and communication networks that serve as the lifeblood of virtually every economic activity.
For manufacturers, they facilitate access to global markets and allow for economies of scale in production and distribution, safe in the knowledge that ITU-T-compliant systems will work anywhere in the world: for purchasers from telcos to multinational companies to ordinary consumers, they provide assurances that equipment will integrate effortlessly with other installed systems.
Today's working methods bear little resemblance to the old-fashioned paper-based procedures that once made standards agreement a lengthy and arduous operation. The development of electronic working methods, first introduced in the late 1990s, complemented by a dramatic overhaul of approval procedures in 2001, has meant that the time needed to adopt final technical texts has been cut by as much as 95 per cent.
But if procedural reform was top of the ITU-T agenda five years ago, today's keynote is cooperation and collaboration.
There is now a general understanding that the nature of the ICT market means you cannot go it alone. That's why, over the past eight years, ITU-T has adopted a very proactive stance when it comes to working with other standards organizations, from large industry entities to smaller single-technology groups. As the only truly global ICT standardization organization, ITU has taken a lead role in bringing together senior figures from ICT standards groups worldwide, with a view to fostering inter-organizational cooperation and avoiding duplication of effort.
Other activities designed to promote a new spirit of collaboration include regular workshops on key industry topics, often in partnership with industry groups. Such workshops not only serve as a platform for better standards-making coordination, they also promote the knowledge sharing essential for the rapid development of new technologies, particularly in developing countries. A recent initiative will bring greater participation of academia and encourage emerging young talents to familiarize themselves with the work of ITU.
Looking ahead, convergence between different industry types is one of the main challenges facing the Sector. With traditional telephone services, mobile networks and TV and radio broadcasting now beginning to carry new kinds of services, the scene is set for a revolution in the way we communicate and process information.
As in the past, when seismic shifts transformed the simple world of the telegraph to create wireline telephony, followed by radio and satellite systems, fibre optic networks, and cellular mobile, ITU-T plays a central and critical role in ushering in this new converged environment. ITU-T coordinates global efforts, promotes technical excellence and impartiality in standards development, and builds the consensus needed to ensure that new technologies and equipment are embraced worldwide.
ITU-R
Managing the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources is at the heart of the work of the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R).
ITU is mandated by its Constitution to allocate spectrum and register frequency assignments, orbital positions and other parameters of satellites, “in order to avoid harmful interference between radio stations of different countries”. The international spectrum management system is therefore based on regulatory procedures for frequency notification, coordination and registration.
Major tasks of ITU-R also include developing standards for radiocommunication systems, ensuring the effective use of the radio-frequency spectrum and studies concerning the development of radiocommunication systems.
ITU-R further carries out studies for the development of radiocommunication systems used in disaster mitigation and relief operations and these can be found within work programmes of the Radiocommunication Study Groups. Aspects of radiocommunication services associated with disasters include disaster prediction, detection, alerting and disaster relief. In certain cases, when the “wired” telecommunication infrastructure is significantly or completely destroyed following a disaster, radiocommunication services are the most effective in disaster relief operations.
Radiocommunication systems have been expanding at an incredible rate in the last decades. Their importance as development infrastructure and as a major asset for governments, the telecommunications industry and the general public is unquestionable.
Radio-frequency spectrum is a natural resource, and its rational and efficient exploitation can enhance a nation's productivity as well as the quality of life of its citizens. In order to derive its full benefits it is critical to develop and implement efficient national frameworks for spectrum management.
The ITU Radio Regulations, and particularly its Table of Frequency Allocations, have been revised and updated almost regularly in view of the enormous demand for spectrum utilization. This is critical to keep pace with the rapid expansion of existing systems as well as the spectrum-demanding advanced wireless technologies that are being developed. The ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), which convenes every three to four years, is at the core of the international spectrum management process and constitutes the starting point for national practices. WRC reviews and revises the Radio Regulations, an international treaty establishing the framework for the utilization of radio frequencies and satellite orbits among ITU member countries, and considers any question of a worldwide character within its competence and related to its agenda.
Equitable access to spectrum and orbital resources is of special concern, given the uneven needs of developed and developing countries. As a consequence, the principle of a priori planning of spectrum and orbit resources is considered in conjunction with a series of plans established by radiocommunication conferences.
Through its various activities covering the implementation of Radio Regulations to the establishment of recommendations and guidelines on the usage of radio systems and spectrum/orbit resources, ITU-R plays a vital role in the global management of radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits. These limited natural resources are increasingly in demand from a large and growing number of services such as fixed, mobile, broadcasting, amateur, space research, meteorology, global positioning systems, and environmental monitoring that depend on radiocommunication to ensure safety of life on land, at sea and in the skies.
ITU-D
The ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) was established to help spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT) as a means of stimulating broader social and economic development. Held every four years, the World Telecommunication Development Conference (WTDC) establishes concrete priorities to help achieve these goals. Through a series of regional initiatives together with comprehensive national programmes, activities on the global level and multiple targeted projects, the Sector works with partners in government and industry to mobilize the technical, human and financial resources needed to develop ICT networks and services to connect the unconnected. To that end, we are pushing for the expansion of global broadband connectivity that is pervasive, simple and affordable for all and enables the migration towards next-generation networks (NGN).
In order to address the challenges raised by fast-paced ICT growth, we promote an enabling regulatory and business environment through a range of tools for policy-makers and regulators that have resulted in innovation and a more efficient telecommunications marketplace. We support the deployment of new wireless and mobile technologies through projects that bring access to rural communities and, when necessary, provide disaster relief through emergency telecommunications. We furthermore help create an ICT-literate workforce through our numerous technical and policy training initiatives around the globe, paying particular attention to the specific needs of youth, women and people with disabilities.
Acting as a promoter and catalyst for ICT development, ITU-D engages with government leaders and the international donor community to find the right balance between public and private investment. There is no “one-size-fits-all” strategy to create digital opportunity, and ITU-D assists Member States in elaborating targeted national e-strategies, including in the areas of e-government and e-learning. Further, we endeavour to build safety in cyberspace by helping developing countries secure their networks and promote a culture of cybersecurity. In addition, ITU-D offers widely referenced, reliable statistics on trends and developments in the ICT field and organizes study groups on key questions facing governments and industry.
ITU-D provides a unique one-stop service for governments and private sector companies interested in forging new development partnerships, by identifying “win-win” opportunities for collaboration, and linking external partners with experienced ITU project specialists to ensure successful project implementation.
ITU-D’s activities, policies and strategic direction are determined by governments and shaped by the industry its serves. The Development Sector’s diverse membership includes telecommunication policy-makers and regulators, network operators, equipment manufacturers, hardware and software developers, regional standards development organizations and financing institutions.
